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Ataxia
Bradykinesia
Choreoathetosis
Corticobasal Degeneration
Dyskinesias (Paroxysmal)
Dystonia
Essential Tremor
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
Huntington's Disease
Multiple System Atrophy
Myoclonus
Parkinson's Disease
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Restless Legs Syndrome
Rett Syndrome
Spasticity
Sydenham's Chorea
Tardive Dyskinesia
Tics
Tourette's Syndrome
Tremor
Wilson Disease
 

References

  1. Caviness JN. Myoclonus. Mayo Clin Proc 1996;71(7):679-688.
  2. Assal F, Magistris MR, Vingerhoets FJ. Post-traumatic stimulus suppressible myoclonus of peripheral origin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64(5):673-675.

Etiology

  1. Lundemo G, Persson HE. Hereditary essential myoclonus. Acta Neurol Scand 1985;72(2):176-179.
  2. Manganotti P, Tamburin S, Zanette G, Fiaschi A. Hyperexcitable cortical responses in progressive myoclonic epilepsy: a TMS study. Neurology 2001;57(10):1793-1799.
  3. Frei KP, Schiffmann R. Myoclonus in Gaucher disease. Adv Neurol 2002;89:41-482.
  4. Rapin I. Myoclonus in neuronal storage and Lafora diseases. Adv Neurol 1986;43:65-853.
  5. Lukong KE, Elsliger MA, Chang Y, et al. Characterization of the sialidase molecular defects in sialidosis patients suggests the structural organization of the lysosomal multienzyme complex. Hum Mol Genet 2000;9(7):1075-1085.
  6. Lauterbach EC. Hiccup and apparent myoclonus after hydrocodone: review of the opiate-related hiccup and myoclonus literature. Clin Neuropharmacol 1999;22(2):87-92.
  7. Ferris DJ. Controlling myoclonus after high-dosage morphine infusions. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999;56(10):1009-1010.
  8. Faura CC, Moore RA, Horga JF, Hand CW, McQuay HJ. Morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide plasma concentrations and effect in cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1996;11(2):95-102.
  9. Fedi M, Reutens D, Dubeau F, Andermann E, D'Agostino D, Andermann F. Long-term efficacy and safety of piracetam in the treatment of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Arch Neurol 2001;58(5):781-786.
  10. Janszky J, Rasonyi G, Halasz P, et al. Disabling erratic myoclonus during lamotrigine therapy with high serum level‹report of two cases. Clin Neuropharmacol 2000;23(2):86-89.
  11. Jimenez-Huete A, Gil-Nagel A, Franch O. Multifocal myoclonus associated with mefloquine chemoprophylaxis. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002;25(5):243.
  12. Marinella MA. Myoclonus and generalized seizures associated with gatifloxacin treatment. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(18):2261-2262.
  13. Hui AC, Wong TY, Chow KM, Szeto CC. Multifocal myoclonus secondary to tranexamic acid. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74(4):547.
  14. Gordon MF. Toxin and drug-induced myoclonus. Adv Neurol 2002;89:49-76.
  15. Warren JD, Kimber TE, Thompson PD. Brainstem myoclonus in generalised tetanus. Mov Disord 2003;18(10):1204-1206.
  16. Espay AJ, Ashby P, Hanajima R, Jog MS, Lang AE. Unique form of propriospinal myoclonus as a possible complication of an enteropathogenic toxin. Mov Disord 2003;18(8):942-948.
  17. Razavi B. Baking soda toxicity. Am J Med 2000;108(9):756-757.
  18. Dietrich W, Erbguth F. Neurological complications of inflammatory intestinal diseases. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2003;71(8):406-414.
  19. Symonds CP. Nocturnal myoclonus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1953;16:166-171.
  20. Lugaresi E, Tassinari CA, Coccagna G, et al. Particularités cliniques et polygraphiques du syndrome d'impatience des membres inferieurs. Rev Neurol 1965;113:545-555.
  21. Bruno RL. Abnormal movements in sleep as a post-polio sequelae. Am J Phys Med Rehabil Jul-Aug 1998;77(4):339-343.
  22. Kock N, Kasten M, Schüle B, et al. Clinical and genetic features of myoclonus-dystonia in 3 cases: A video presentation. Mov Disord 2004;19(2):231-234.
  23. Doheny D, Danisi F, Smith C, et al. Clinical findings of a myoclonus-dystonia family with two distinct mutations. Neurology 2002;59(8):1244-1246.

Neurophysiology

  1. Pappert EJ, Goetz CG, Vu TQ, et al. Animal model of posthypoxic myoclonus: effects of serotonergic antagonists. Neurology 1999;52(1):16-21.
  2. Matsumoto RR, Truong DD, Nguyen KD, et al. Involvement of GABA(A) receptors in myoclonus. Mov Disord 2000;15 Suppl 1:47-52.
  3. Pranzatelli MR. The pharmacology of antimyoclonic drugs. Clin Neurosci 1995;3(4):246-252.
  4. Tijssen MA, Thom M, Ellison DW, et al. Cortical myoclonus and cerebellar pathology. Neurology. 2000;54(6):1350-1356.
  5. Larner AJ, Elkington P, Mehta H, d'Arrigo C, Scaravilli F, Rudge P. Multifocal cortical myoclonus and cerebral amyloid beta-peptide angiopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65(6):951-952.
  6. Lehericy S, Grand S, Pollak P, et al. Clinical characteristics and topography of lesions in movement disorders due to thalamic lesions. Neurology. 2001;57(6):1055-1066.
  7. Kompoliti K, Goetz CG, Vu TQ, Carvey PM, Leurgans S, Raman R. Estrogen supplementation in the posthypoxic myoclonus rat model. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2001;24(1):58-61.
  8. Grosse P, Kuhn A, Cordivari C, Brown P. Coherence analysis in the myoclonus of corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord. 2003;18(11):1345-1350.
  9. Bansal B, Singh P, Shukla R. Palatal myoclonus following head injury: letter to the editor. Neurol India. 2002;50(2):222-223.
  10. Assal F, Magistris MR, Vingerhoets FJ. Post-traumatic stimulus suppressible myoclonus of peripheral origin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(5):673-675.
  11. Simon ES. Involvement of glycine and GABAA receptors in the pathogenesis of spinal myoclonus: in vitro studies in the isolated neonatal rodent spinal cord. Neurology. 1995;45(10):1883-1892.
  12. Keswani SC, Kossoff EH, Krauss GL, Hagerty C. Amelioration of spinal myoclonus with levetiracetam. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(4):457-458.
  13. Tsao JW, Cooper EC. Reflex-sensitive spinal segmental myoclonus associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Neurology. 2003;61(6):867-868.
  14. Pelak VS, Galetta SL, Grossman RI, Townsend JJ, Volpe NJ. Evidence for preganglionic pupillary involvement in superficial siderosis. Neurology. 1999;53(5):1130-1132.
  15. Nogues MA, Leiguarda RC, Rivero AD, Salvat F, Manes F. Involuntary movements and abnormal spontaneous EMG activity in syringomyelia and syringobulbia. Neurology. 1999;52(4):823-834.
  16. Pranzatelli MR. The immunopharmacology of the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1996;19(1):1-47.
  17. Razavi B. Baking soda toxicity. Am J Med 2000;108(9):756-757.
  18. Oguro K, Kobayashi J, Aiba H, Hojo H. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome with abnormal single photon emission computed tomography imaging. Pediatr Neurol. 1997;16(4):334-336.
  19. Glatz K, Meinck HM, Wildemann B. Parainfectious opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: high dose intravenous immunoglobulins are effective. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(2):279-280.
  20. Averbuch-Heller L, Remler B. Opsoclonus. Semin Neurol. 1996;16(1):21-26.
  21. Noetzel MJ, Cawley LP, James VL, Minard BJ, Agrawal HC. Anti-neurofilament protein antibodies in opsoclonus-myoclonus. J Neuroimmunol. 1987;15(2):137-145.
  22. Connolly AM, Pestronk A, Mehta S, Pranzatelli MR, 3rd, Noetzel MJ. Serum autoantibodies in childhood opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: an analysis of antigenic targets in neural tissues. J Pediatr. 1997;130(6):878-884.
  23. Antunes NL, Khakoo Y, Matthay KK, et al. Antineuronal antibodies in patients with neuroblastoma and paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2000;22(4):315-320.

Epidemiology

  1. Caviness JN. Epidemiology of myoclonus. Neurol 2002;89:19-22.
  2. Caviness JN, Alving LI, Maraganore DM, Black RA, McDonnell SK, Rocca WA. The incidence and prevalence of myoclonus in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74(6):565-569.
  3. Norio R, Koskiniemi M. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy: genetic and nosological aspects with special reference to 107 Finnish patients. Clin Genet 1979;15(5):382-398.
  4. Chen JY, Stern Y, Sano M, Mayeux R. Cumulative risks of developing extrapyramidal signs, psychosis, or myoclonus in the course of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1991;48(11):1141-1143.
  5. Will RG. Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Br Med Bull 1993;49(4):960-970.
  6. Grosse P, Kuhn A, Cordivari C, Brown P. Coherence analysis in the myoclonus of corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord 2003;18(11):1345-1350.
  7. Licht DJ, Lynch DR. Juvenile dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy: new clinical features. Pediatr Neurol 2002;26(1):51-54.
  8. Bruno RL. Abnormal movements in sleep as a post-polio sequelae. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1998;77(4):339-343.
  9. Auger RG, Whisnant JP. Hemifacial spasm in Rochester and Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1960 to 1984. Arch Neurol 1990;47(11):1233-1234.

Diagnosis

  1. Frucht SJ, Leurgans SE, Hallett M, Fahn S. The Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale. Adv Neurol. 2002;89:361-376.
  2. Paulson GW, Reider CR. Movement disorders in childhood. In: Watts RL, Koller WC, eds. Movement Disorders: Neurologic Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Co., Inc.; 1997:661-666.

Treatment

  1. Genton P, Guerrini R, Remy C. Piracetam in the treatment of cortical myoclonus. Pharmacopsychiatry 1999;32 Suppl 1:49-53.
  2. Frucht SJ, Louis ED, Chuang C, Fahn S. A pilot tolerability and efficacy study of levetiracetam in patients with chronic myoclonus. Neurology 2001;57(6):1112-1114.
  3. Schauer R, Singer M, Saltuari L, Kofler M. Suppression of cortical myoclonus by levetiracetam. Mov Disord 2002;17(2):411-415.
  4. Krauss GL, Bergin A, Kramer RE, Cho YW, Reich SG. Suppression of post-hypoxic and post-encephalitic myoclonus with levetiracetam. Neurology 2001;56(3):411-412.
  5. Genton P, Gelisse P. Suppression of post-hypoxic and post-encephalitic myoclonus with levetiracetam. Neurology. 2001;57(6):1144-1145.
  6. Boccella P, Striano P, Zara F, et al. Bioptically demonstrated Lafora disease without EPM2A mutation: a clinical and neurophysiological study of two sisters. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2003;106(1):55-59.
  7. Imperiale D, Bortolotto S, Cucatto A, Schiffer P, Cassano D, Buffa C. Levetiracetam control of myoclonus in a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur Neurol 2003;49(3):189-190.
  8. Gelisse P, Crespel A, Genton P, Baldy-Moulinier M. Dramatic effect of levetiracetam on epileptic negative myoclonus. Acta Neurol Scand 2003;107(4):302-303.
  9. Keswani SC, Kossoff EH, Krauss GL, Hagerty C. Amelioration of spinal myoclonus with levetiracetam. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73(4):457-458.
  10. Evidente VG, Caviness JN, Adler CH. Case studies in movement disorders. Semin Neurol. 2003;23(3):277-284.
  11. Fedi M, Reutens D, Dubeau F, Andermann E, D'Agostino D, Andermann F. Long-term efficacy and safety of piracetam in the treatment of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Arch Neurol 2001;58(5):781-786.
  12. Pranzatelli MR, Tate ED, Galvan I, Wheeler A. Controlled pilot study of piracetam for pediatric opsoclonus-myoclonus. Clin Neuropharmacol 2001;24(6):352-357.
  13. Jan JE, Connolly MB, Hamilton D, Freeman RD, Laudon M. Melatonin treatment of non-epileptic myoclonus in children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999;41(4):255-259.
  14. Pranzatelli MR. The immunopharmacology of the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 1996;19(1):1-47.
  15. Glatz K, Meinck HM, Wildemann B. Parainfectious opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: high dose intravenous immunoglobulins are effective. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74(2):279-280.
  16. Hsiung GY, Das 1. SK, Ranawaya R, Lafontaine AL, Suchowersky O. Long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin A in treatment of various movement disorders over a 10-year period. Mov Disord 2002;17(6):1288-1293.
  17. Deuschl G, Lohle E, Heinen F, Lucking C. Ear click in palatal tremor: its origin and treatment with botulinum toxin. Neurology 1991;41(10):1677-1679.
  18. Polo KB, Jabbari B. Effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A against painful limb myoclonus of spinal cord origin. Mov Disord 1994;9(2):233-235.
  19. Lagueny A, Tison F, Burbaud P, Le Masson G, Kien P. Stimulus-sensitive spinal segmental myoclonus improved with injections of botulinum toxin type A. Mov Disord 1999;14(1):182-185.
  20. Martinez MS, Fontoira M, Celester G, Castro del Rio M, Permuy J, Iglesias A. Myoclonus of peripheral origin: case secondary to a digital nerve lesion. Mov Disord 2001;16(5):970-974.
  21. Daniel DG, Webster DL. Spinal segmental myoclonus. Successful treatment with cervical spinal decompression. Arch Neurol 1984;41(8):898-899.
  22. Trottenberg T, Meissner W, Kabus C, et al. Neurostimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in inherited myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Mov Disord 2001;16(4):769-771.
  23. Kupsch A, Trottenberg T, Meissner W, Funk T. Neurostimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus alleviates hereditary essential myoclonus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67(3):415-416.